Type 5 Diabetes Recognition Reshapes Global Health

Lead: In April 2025, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) officially recognized Type 5 diabetes, linked to malnutrition, at its Bangkok congress. This new classification aims to improve treatment for millions in low-income regions. The move signals a shift in global health priorities toward addressing undernutrition-related diseases.

Background

Diabetes affects over 500 million people globally, with Types 1 and 2 dominating research and policy. However, malnutrition-related diabetes, often seen in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, has long been overlooked. The IDF’s 2022 study identified distinct traits in these cases, leading to the Type 5 proposal. Unlike Type 2, linked to obesity, Type 5 stems from chronic undernutrition, affecting lean individuals. The World Health Organization estimates that 150 million people, mostly in developing nations, may have this condition, underscoring the need for tailored interventions.

Key Developments

The IDF’s recognition includes:

• New Diagnostic Criteria: Type 5 targets adults with low BMI and no autoimmune markers.
• Treatment Protocols: Affordable insulin alternatives and nutritional supplements prioritized.
• Global Fund: $2 billion pledged to support healthcare in affected regions.
• Research Push: Universities in India and Nigeria will lead Type 5 studies.

IDF President Akhtar Hussain said the move “redefines diabetes care for the most vulnerable.” India, with 30% of global cases, plans to integrate Type 5 screening into rural clinics by 2026. Critics note funding gaps and weak healthcare infrastructure could hinder progress. The WHO has committed to updating its diabetes guidelines by 2027 to reflect the new classification.

Implications

Type 5 recognition could transform healthcare in low-income nations, where malnutrition is rampant. It may reduce misdiagnoses, saving lives and cutting costs. However, scaling treatment requires massive investment in rural hospitals, a challenge for countries like Ethiopia. Globally, the shift highlights the intersection of hunger and chronic disease, pushing food security onto health agendas. The World Bank projects that addressing Type 5 could lift 10 million people out of poverty by 2035 through better health outcomes. Pharmaceutical firms face pressure to develop low-cost solutions, potentially reshaping markets.

Conclusion

Type 5 diabetes recognition is a game-changer for global health equity. Its success depends on funding and infrastructure upgrades. Watch for India’s screening rollout and WHO’s guideline updates as indicators of progress.